Economists say there is no doubt that Canada is experiencing a recession, but the exact criteria determining one is underway can be fraught with confusion.
Broadly speaking, a recession is a period of business contraction where economic activity declines. But what exactly constitutes a decline, and over what time period, is the subject of much debate.
An often-cited definition is two consecutive quarters of negative gross domestic product reading.
Some economists prefer the C.D. Howe Institute’s definition of a “pronounced, persistent and pervasive decline in aggregate economic activity” based on both GDP and employment metrics.
“I’ve always taken the definition of two quarters of negative growth . . . but this is just another example that we are in uncharted territory,” said Sheila Block, the Canadian Centre for Policy Alternatives’s senior economist.
“This is just another way that the pandemic is redefining things.”
Her remarks come after Statistics Canada said Friday that the economy posted its steepest decline on record in the second quarter, triggered by the coronavirus pandemic.
The agency said GDP contracted at an annualized rate of 38.7 per cent for the three-month period, the worst showing since the start of 2009 at the height of the global financial crisis. That follows a first-quarter drop of 8.2 per cent, marking two quarters of GDP declines.
The contraction bolsters opinions that Canada has been in a recession throughout the pandemic.
“This is definitely a recession and a big one,” said Avery Shenfeld, an economist at the Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce.
However, he said it doesn’t require two quarters of negative GDP growth, a method he never uses, to arrive at that conclusion.
The two quarters method, he said, comes from the National Bureau of Economic Research, a U.S. non-profit organization that analyzes the economy.
Decades ago, Shenfeld said the bureau established a committee of economists to retroactively determine dates of when recessions started and ended, so researchers would have the same data.
“They said that a recession is basically a period of material decline in economic activity, which typically includes two consecutive negative quarters, but it doesn’t have to,” he said.
“In other words, if you had a huge drop and it only took place in one quarter, they would still call that a recession or if you had a drop in one quarter, a small rebound and then another drop, they would put the three quarters together and say over that three quarters, the economy declines so we’re going to call that three quarters of recession.”
Shenfeld looks for material weakening in the economy on “the kinds of things that people would normally think of” such as household income, employment and GDP.
Block has stuck to the two quarter method, but notes the character of recessions has changed in recent decades.
“For example, with the 2008 and 2009 (recession), we climbed out of it much more quickly than we had out of the early ’80s or the mid-’90s recessions,” she said.
“It was a very V-shaped recovery.”
The V-shape refers to a sharp but brief period of economic decline that is followed by a quick rebound.
Shifts in the way recessions unfold have pushed economists to seek more accurate ways to characterize recessions and deal with revisions to economic data that emerge over time, but Block doesn’t think there is any debate that we are in a recession now.
It just may end up looking different than we have seen before, she said.
“I think it was Jim Stanford (the economist and director for the Centre for Future Work), who referred to … a Loch Ness monster-shaped recession and I like that.”