The average 401(k) balance rose 17 per cent last year to $112,300 from the end of 2018, according to a review of 17.3 million accounts by Fidelity Investments. The average individual retirement account, or IRA, balance rose the same percentage to $115,400.
Those figures are averages, not medians, and the typical 401(k) might be closer to a quarter of that. The top one per cent of 401(k) savers has more than $1 million in each of their accounts, which skews the average higher.
Surging markets around the world were a big reason for growth across accounts in 2019: The S&P 500 index had one of its best years in decades with a 31.5 per cent return. Investments of all types logged gains, from junk bonds to stocks from developing economies.
But workers’ better savings habits also played a big role.
Fidelity said the average worker set aside 8.9 per cent of their pay in their 401(k) in the fourth quarter, a record. Combined with employer matches, the average total savings rate was 13.5 per cent in the quarter, tying its record last reached in the spring of 2019.
“Nobody can control the market, so the behaviours of people contributing to their 401(k)s are what get us the most excited,” said Katie Taylor, vice-president of thought leadership at Fidelity. “We have people saving 13.5 per cent, which is really close to the 15 per cent that we recommend. That’s a great story.”
In many cases, workers may not even realize they’re saving more. Most employers give the option for workers to automatically increase their contributions each year, without having to do anything. Some employers even automatically sign up their employees for these auto-escalation programs, requiring them to opt out if they don’t want their contribution levels to steadily rise.
Such features are on top of programs where employers automatically enrol new hires in the 401(k) plan. They all lean on the power of inertia to help workers build up bigger nest eggs. It’s a sharp turnaround from earlier years when workers had to take an extra step to join the 401(k) plan and fill out paperwork whenever they wanted their contribution levels to change.
“There’s always a way, if you don’t want to do it, where you can unenroll, but these automatic programs have been a game changer,” Taylor said.
Consistent contributions, and giving them time to grow, are keys to building bigger portfolios. Among workers who have been in their 401(k) plan for 10 straight years, the average balance rose to a record $328,200, according to Fidelity.
That figure is the average, which means big portfolios of just a few savers can skew the number higher. Fidelity said it counts 233,000 people with $1 million or more in their 401(k) accounts, or 1.3 per cent of all its participants.
The median, which shows the midpoint of what savers have, is much lower. Across all the 401(k) accounts Fidelity surveyed, the median balance was $27,000. That’s also a record and up nearly 18 per cent from a year earlier.
Fidelity says it prefers looking at average figures because the median is also skewed by people who have $0 balances in their 401(k) after they started a new job or rolled their 401(k) savings into another account.
Other investment firms have similar chasms between median and average balances. At Vanguard, the median balance was $22,217 in 2018, well below the average of $92,148, for example.
Such figures also , though, count only people who have a 401(k). Many lower-income workers, particularly at smaller employers, could not save in a 401(k) even if they wanted to because their companies don’t offer access to one. Legislation passed late last year aims to make it easier for smaller employers to band together and offer plans.
Nearly half of all U.S. households aged 55 and over, 48 per cent, had no retirement savings at all as of 2016, according to estimates from the Government Accountability Office.