The Federal Reserve expects to keep its benchmark interest rate pegged near zero at least through 2023 as it strives to accelerate economic growth and drive down the unemployment rate.
The central bank also said Wednesday that it will seek to push inflation above two per cent annually. The Fed left its benchmark short-term rate unchanged at nearly zero, where it has been since the pandemic intensified in March.
The Fed’s benchmark interest rate influences borrowing costs for homebuyers, credit card users and businesses. Fed policy-makers hope an extended period of low interest rates will encourage more borrowing and spending, though their new policy also carries risks of inflating stock or causing other financial market bubbles.
The Fed’s moves are occurring against the backdrop of an improving yet still weak economy, with hiring slowing and the unemployment rate at 8.4 per cent.
Still, at a virtual conference with reporters following the statement, Fed chair Jerome Powell said that the economy has recovered more quickly than the Fed had expected. The Fed updated its forecast for GDP to a decline of 3.7 per cent compared to a June forecast of a 6.5 per cent drop. On employment, the Fed projected an unemployment rate at the end of the year of 7.6 per cent instead of the 9.3 per cent it projected in June.
Still, Powell acknowledged the economic outlook remains highly uncertain and depends heavily on the ability of the U.S. to get control of the pandemic.
“A full economic recovery is unlikely until people are confident that it is safe to re-engage in a wide variety of activities,” Powell said.
During his news conference, Powell, as he has in the past, supported more spending by Congress to help the economy recover. Congress is deadlocked on more financial relief because of disagreements on the size of the package between Democrats and Republicans.
“My sense is that more fiscal support is likely to be needed,” Powell said. “There are still roughly 11 million people out of work because of the pandemic.”
The Fed’s statement formalized a change in its policy toward inflation first announced by Powell last month.
The Fed said that that because inflation has mostly fallen below its target of two per cent in recent years, Fed policymakers now “will aim to achieve inflation moderately above two per cent for some time.” It also says it will keep rates at nearly zero until “inflation has risen to two per cent and is on track to moderately exceed two per cent for some time.”
The change reflects a growing concern at the Fed that in recessions, inflation often falls far below two per cent, but it doesn’t necessarily reach two per cent when the economy is expanding. Over time, that means inflation on average falls further from the target. As businesses and consumers come to expect increasingly lower inflation, they act in ways that entrench slower price gains.
The Fed prefers a little inflation because that gives the central bank more room to cut or raise short-term interest rates.
The Fed last month made two other key changes to its strategy framework after its first-ever public review of its policies and tools, which it launched in November 2018.
Powell said last month that the Fed will place greater weight on pushing unemployment lower and will no longer raise interest rates preemptively when the unemployment rate is low to forestall higher inflation. Instead, it will now wait for evidence that prices are rising.
Fed officials have acknowledged that economic models that predict higher inflation when unemployment is very low have been wrong, particularly since the 2008-2009 recession.
The Fed also said Wednesday that it will continue purchasing about $120 billion in Treasurys and mortgage-backed securities a month, in an effort to keep longer-term interest rates low. Since March, the Fed has flooded financial markets with cash by making such purchases and its balance sheet has ballooned by about $3 trillion. But with the yield on the 10-year Treasury already at just 0.67 per cent, economists worry that the Fed’s bond purchases will have a limited impact going forward.
Still, the Fed’s moves to stabilize financial markets have contributed to the stock market’s rally to new highs after plunging in February and March. On Wednesday, stocks got a short boost from the Fed’s projections before turning lower. Still, market analysts liked what they heard from the Fed.
“A better economy and a dovish Fed, that is a nice combo,” said Ryan Detrick, chief market strategist for LPL Financial.
On Wednesday, the latest economic report seemed to support Powell’s view of an economy on the mend but not fully healthy. The Commerce Department said retail sales rose 0.6 per cent in August, the fourth straight gain but the slowest since sales started growing again in May. The figure suggests that the end of a $600 supplemental weekly unemployment payment weighed on spending.
The global economy is still expected to shrink this year, but by less than previously estimated, according to a report Wednesday from the Organization for Economic Development, an international think-tank . The OECD now expects the world economy to shrink by 4.5 per cent, up from an earlier estimate of a six per cent contraction, mostly because of better-than-expected recoveries in the United States and China.