Think hedge funds are the kiss of death for companies filing for bankruptcy? Not so according to researchers from the Sauder School of Business at UBC, which shows that hedge funds actually have a positive influence when they invest in distressed companies. The study, called “Hedge Funds and Chapter 11,” was co-authored by UBC professor Kai Li . It reveals that, when hedge funds get involved, other creditors in the transaction do better — plus, there’s an even greater chance that companies will emerge from bankruptcy.
“It’s a common view in the media and popular opinion that hedge funds are ‘vulture investors’ who dismantle companies to maximize profits in the shortest time-frame possible,” says Li, who co-wrote the study for the April edition of the Journal of Finance with professors from Columbia and Queens Universities.
“We found the opposite is true. Our data show hedge funds strategically invest in troubled companies with the intention of becoming major shareholders after they emerge from bankruptcy. They are motivated to strengthen firms, not tear them apart.”
Hedge funds have a distinct advantage over mutual funds and pension funds — they are free to take on the risk of investing in companies in Chapter 11 because they don’t have the same stringent requirements on the kinds of companies they invest in. That flexibility allows them to make strategic investments in failing companies that exhibit the potential for recovery.
The authors also argue that hedge funds are more patient — they’re more likely to wait while companies successfully restructure under new management than other private investors.
The researchers analyzed 474 Chapter 11 filings in the United States between 1996 and 2007. They looked at firms with assets worth more than $100 million and examined bankruptcy filings from a wide variety of angles, including the presence of hedge fund investment, CEO turnover, key employee retention, asset liquidation, debt recovery and emergence. Researchers found that 87 per cent of these bankruptcies had observable hedge fund involvement. The data also shows such companies had improved chances of surviving the bankruptcy process. The results reveal that the presence of hedge funds increased the likelihood of failed CEOs being fired and reduced the liquidation pressure from other stakeholders clamouring for a payout.
“We find that hedge funds are more like mediators than predators,” says Li. “They use the power of a controlling stake to negotiate between the desires of top executives fighting to preserve their high salaries, and the company’s lenders who may want to cut their losses by dismantling the company and selling off the pieces.”
The researchers also found that the presence of hedge funds as the largest unsecured creditors had a favourable effect on stock price, and positive influence on the overall debt recovery for other lenders. Finally, where hedge funds were involved, companies had a reduction in leveraged debt one year after emergence from bankruptcy.
“Until now, hedge funds have been wrongly classified,” says Li. “Instead of vultures, circling overhead above a dying prey, it is better to see them as guardian angels of distressed companies, overseeing their transition into healthier entities.” Read the full paper.