Charting a new course at the Air Canada pension plans

Tackling the investments

As of year-end 2019, all of the airline’s Canadian pension plans are at least 100 per cent funded on a solvency basis.

“When I joined, the mandate was to create a whole new strategy [that was] much more focused on liability-driven investing and reducing the risk coming from the pension plan, because it became a very big enterprise risk management issue at Air Canada,” says Morin.

Read: How Air Canada’s pension took off as Canada Post’s plan sank into deficit

Back in 2009, the pension plans’ fund was in a traditional portfolio of 60 per cent equities and 40 per cent bonds, all managed externally. Morin and his team led the investment turnaround through many small steps, which included adding fixed income exposure and building an alternative portfolio comprised of real estate, infrastructure, private equity, private debt and other sub-asset classes. The team also implemented a portable alpha — or hedge fund — program to try to generate additional returns on top of the traditional asset classes.

In terms of asset mix, the investment fund currently sits at 87.5 per cent fixed income, 10 per cent equities, 20 per cent alternatives and 10 per cent hedge funds, totalling more than 100 per cent because it uses leverage.

“Over time, gradually, I think we did over 30 different steps in de-risking the plan and changing the asset allocation,” he says. “You just cannot move that big a plan. It was a very big boat to turn around.”

Opportunities in fixed income

With fixed income yields at historic lows and 87.5 per cent of the investment fund’s portfolio invested in the asset class, it pursues a liability-driven investment strategy and is a very active manager. In addition, it keeps a pure separation between alpha and beta, notes Morin. “Beta is the benchmark. It’s built to make sure that there’s good and sound risk management done to match our liabilities’ structure.”

Read: Air Canada maintains ‘significant pension solvency surplus’ amid coronavirus pandemic

The portfolio is largely comprised of long-term, investment-grade Canadian bonds and doesn’t take big bets on duration, but the fund does arbitrage trades and curve trades globally without taking any foreign currency or high-yield bond risk. For example, if the team believes there’s an interesting point on the curve in France, it will play it, he says. “It will be a long-short position, so there’s no actual exposure to France’s interest rates, but we’ll try to arbitrage that market and be able to capture some return on this.”

The team has had significant success in fixed income. The asset class’ active value-add has been above one per cent on average over a 10-year period, highlights Morin. Plus, since fixed income makes up 87.5 per cent of the fund, the value added in dollar terms is equal to the value-add targeted by the fund from its alternative book. A value-add above one per cent is also significant when expected yields are at two per cent, he adds.

Trans-Canada Capital

By turning Air Canada’s large pension deficit into a surplus, the investment team solved a problem for the company. It also shifted the team responsible for the airline’s pension investments to a new subsidiary called Trans-Canada Capital Inc.

While TCC will continue to manage the investments for Air Canada’s pensioners, it will also make certain funds available to other institutional investors. “We built a great track record over the years, a very different approach than we could see in the market,” says Morin, who is president of TCC.

The team believed it had something to offer to other investors, he adds, noting that, as the fund reduced risk, opening up its investments to others would allow the investment team to continue growing, retain its talent and also diversify Air Canada’s activities.

Read: Is it time for pension funds to rethink their fixed-income allocations?

TCC is offering two fixed income strategies and two hedge fund strategies for institutional investors to buy into, and it plans to expand its offerings.

TCC’s internal hedge fund, launched in February 2019, is its flagship fund. It originally started with the Air Canada investment team using sophisticated transactions to implement its tactical asset allocation. The team was executing these trades using options, volatility contracts and over-the-counter derivatives, says Morin. “At some point, we realized early in the process that what we are managing . . . looks much more like a hedge fund than an actual tactical asset allocation book; better implementation, better diversification, a lot of breadth as well, looking
at different markets.”

Next, the team focused on portfolio construction for this strategy. Today, it includes quantitative strategies, systematic strategies, fundamental analysis and alternative value transactions. In 2013, the internal hedge fund began operating as a segregated account; in 2017, it became a separate investment vehicle.

In September 2019, TCC launched a fund of hedge funds. “We have a 10 per cent allocation to external hedge funds and we repackaged it to be able to offer that approach to potential external clients.”

Read: Head to head: Do hedge funds make sense for Canadian pension plans?

The fund is market agnostic and aims to have no correlation with equity markets, says Morin. “The last thing we want to do is to bring a portable alpha program, which will react exactly in the same direction if there’s a market correction. If it reacts in the same direction as the equity market when there’s a crash, it doesn’t do its job.”

Currently, TCC has $2 billion invested through external hedge funds and $1 billion invested in its internal strategy, notes Morin. “We know what we’re good at. We also know what we are not good at. So what we cannot realistically do internally we’ll give a mandate to an external manager to do.”

Final destination

The Air Canada pension plans are maturing quickly, with about 60 per cent of liabilities tied to retirees and the DB plans mainly closed to new entrants.

At some point, it will make sense to lock in the benefits for pensioners instead of continuing to take risk, says Morin, noting this influenced the airline’s decision to start its own life insurance company to purchase annuities.

Many pension funds are buying annuities to lock in the pension promise. In fact, according to a report by Willis Towers Watson, Canada’s group annuity market hit $5.2 billion in sales in 2019, up from $4.6 billion in 2018 and $3.7 billion in 2017.

While annuitizing is a natural move for many DB pensions, the Air Canada plans are valued at about $21 billion, making their total size much larger than many plans. Indeed, the airline’s plans were paying out more than $750 million in annual pension payments two years ago; and when looking at the 2018 annuity market, the biggest insurance company active in the space was paying a similar amount in total pension payments, notes Morin.

Read: Is Air Canada’s move to enter annuity market the start of a new pension trend?

As well, despite the active growth in Canada’s annuity market, he believes the Air Canada plans will be difficult to annuitize because of their total size. “The transactions are bigger, but the liabilities have grown over the past few years, and there’s some scarcity as well in the fixed income world to find interesting securities . . . to back those liabilities.”

In addition to market capacity, pricing is also a consideration, notes Morin. “You can purchase a big amount of annuities, but we believe the structure we are proposing will result in a better price for the plans.”
Air Canada has applied to the Office of the Superintendent of Financial Institutions for approval to launch its life insurance company. If approved, the company will operate as a subsidiary of Air Canada with capital seeded by the airline. And TCC will manage assets for the life insurance company, in addition to the assets for the pension plans.

While the mandate would be different for the pension plan assets and the life insurance company assets, fixed income will be core to both, says Morin.

Yaelle Gang is editor of the Canadian Investment Review.